Abstract –Biometric recognition is an automated method for identifying individuals based on their physiological or behavioral traits. Behavioral characteristics refer to patterns in a person’s actions, such as gestures, voice, or signature. In contrast, physiological characteristics are based on physical traits like fingerprints, facial features, DNA, hand geometry, retina, and vein patterns. Biometric systems are increasingly favored over traditional security methods like passwords, which are vulnerable to attacks and can lead to the loss of sensitive data. Among various biometric techniques, hand vein identification is gaining significant attention from researchers. This is due to the uniqueness, stability, permanence, and universality of human vein patterns, which are also difficult to forge. Additionally, vein patterns can be captured using contactless methods an important advantage in modern hygienic and non-intrusive authentication systems.
